/***********************************************************************
 * Software License Agreement (BSD License)
 *
 * Copyright 2008-2009  Marius Muja (mariusm@cs.ubc.ca). All rights reserved.
 * Copyright 2008-2009  David G. Lowe (lowe@cs.ubc.ca). All rights reserved.
 *
 * THE BSD LICENSE
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
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 *************************************************************************/

/***********************************************************************
 * Author: Vincent Rabaud
 *************************************************************************/

#ifndef OPENCV_FLANN_LSH_INDEX_H_
#define OPENCV_FLANN_LSH_INDEX_H_

//! @cond IGNORED

#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
#include <map>
#include <vector>

#include "nn_index.h"
#include "matrix.h"
#include "result_set.h"
#include "heap.h"
#include "lsh_table.h"
#include "allocator.h"
#include "random.h"
#include "saving.h"

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable: 4702) //disable unreachable code
#endif

namespace cvflann
{

struct LshIndexParams : public IndexParams
{
    LshIndexParams(int table_number = 12, int key_size = 20, int multi_probe_level = 2)
    {
        (*this)["algorithm"] = FLANN_INDEX_LSH;
        // The number of hash tables to use
        (*this)["table_number"] = table_number;
        // The length of the key in the hash tables
        (*this)["key_size"] = key_size;
        // Number of levels to use in multi-probe (0 for standard LSH)
        (*this)["multi_probe_level"] = multi_probe_level;
    }
};

/**
 * Locality-sensitive hashing  index
 *
 * Contains the tables and other information for indexing a set of points
 * for nearest-neighbor matching.
 */
template<typename Distance>
class LshIndex : public NNIndex<Distance>
{
public:
    typedef typename Distance::ElementType ElementType;
    typedef typename Distance::ResultType DistanceType;

    /** Constructor
     * @param input_data dataset with the input features
     * @param params parameters passed to the LSH algorithm
     * @param d the distance used
     */
    LshIndex(const Matrix<ElementType>& input_data, const IndexParams& params = LshIndexParams(),
             Distance d = Distance()) :
        dataset_(input_data), index_params_(params), distance_(d)
    {
        // cv::flann::IndexParams sets integer params as 'int', so it is used with get_param
        // in place of 'unsigned int'
        table_number_ = get_param(index_params_,"table_number",12);
        key_size_ = get_param(index_params_,"key_size",20);
        multi_probe_level_ = get_param(index_params_,"multi_probe_level",2);

        feature_size_ = (unsigned)dataset_.cols;
        fill_xor_mask(0, key_size_, multi_probe_level_, xor_masks_);
    }


    LshIndex(const LshIndex&);
    LshIndex& operator=(const LshIndex&);

    /**
     * Builds the index
     */
    void buildIndex() CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        tables_.resize(table_number_);
        for (int i = 0; i < table_number_; ++i) {
            lsh::LshTable<ElementType>& table = tables_[i];
            table = lsh::LshTable<ElementType>(feature_size_, key_size_);

            // Add the features to the table
            table.add(dataset_);
        }
    }

    flann_algorithm_t getType() const CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        return FLANN_INDEX_LSH;
    }


    void saveIndex(FILE* stream) CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        save_value(stream,table_number_);
        save_value(stream,key_size_);
        save_value(stream,multi_probe_level_);
        save_value(stream, dataset_);
    }

    void loadIndex(FILE* stream) CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        load_value(stream, table_number_);
        load_value(stream, key_size_);
        load_value(stream, multi_probe_level_);
        load_value(stream, dataset_);
        // Building the index is so fast we can afford not storing it
        buildIndex();

        index_params_["algorithm"] = getType();
        index_params_["table_number"] = table_number_;
        index_params_["key_size"] = key_size_;
        index_params_["multi_probe_level"] = multi_probe_level_;
    }

    /**
     *  Returns size of index.
     */
    size_t size() const CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        return dataset_.rows;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of an index feature.
     */
    size_t veclen() const CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        return feature_size_;
    }

    /**
     * Computes the index memory usage
     * Returns: memory used by the index
     */
    int usedMemory() const CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        return (int)(dataset_.rows * sizeof(int));
    }


    IndexParams getParameters() const CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        return index_params_;
    }

    /**
     * \brief Perform k-nearest neighbor search
     * \param[in] queries The query points for which to find the nearest neighbors
     * \param[out] indices The indices of the nearest neighbors found
     * \param[out] dists Distances to the nearest neighbors found
     * \param[in] knn Number of nearest neighbors to return
     * \param[in] params Search parameters
     */
    virtual void knnSearch(const Matrix<ElementType>& queries, Matrix<int>& indices, Matrix<DistanceType>& dists, int knn, const SearchParams& params) CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        CV_Assert(queries.cols == veclen());
        CV_Assert(indices.rows >= queries.rows);
        CV_Assert(dists.rows >= queries.rows);
        CV_Assert(int(indices.cols) >= knn);
        CV_Assert(int(dists.cols) >= knn);


        KNNUniqueResultSet<DistanceType> resultSet(knn);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < queries.rows; i++) {
            resultSet.clear();
            std::fill_n(indices[i], knn, -1);
            std::fill_n(dists[i], knn, std::numeric_limits<DistanceType>::max());
            findNeighbors(resultSet, queries[i], params);
            if (get_param(params,"sorted",true)) resultSet.sortAndCopy(indices[i], dists[i], knn);
            else resultSet.copy(indices[i], dists[i], knn);
        }
    }


    /**
     * Find set of nearest neighbors to vec. Their indices are stored inside
     * the result object.
     *
     * Params:
     *     result = the result object in which the indices of the nearest-neighbors are stored
     *     vec = the vector for which to search the nearest neighbors
     *     maxCheck = the maximum number of restarts (in a best-bin-first manner)
     */
    void findNeighbors(ResultSet<DistanceType>& result, const ElementType* vec, const SearchParams& /*searchParams*/) CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        getNeighbors(vec, result);
    }

private:
    /** Defines the comparator on score and index
     */
    typedef std::pair<float, unsigned int> ScoreIndexPair;
    struct SortScoreIndexPairOnSecond
    {
        bool operator()(const ScoreIndexPair& left, const ScoreIndexPair& right) const
        {
            return left.second < right.second;
        }
    };

    /** Fills the different xor masks to use when getting the neighbors in multi-probe LSH
     * @param key the key we build neighbors from
     * @param lowest_index the lowest index of the bit set
     * @param level the multi-probe level we are at
     * @param xor_masks all the xor mask
     */
    void fill_xor_mask(lsh::BucketKey key, int lowest_index, unsigned int level,
                       std::vector<lsh::BucketKey>& xor_masks)
    {
        xor_masks.push_back(key);
        if (level == 0) return;
        for (int index = lowest_index - 1; index >= 0; --index) {
            // Create a new key
            lsh::BucketKey new_key = key | (1 << index);
            fill_xor_mask(new_key, index, level - 1, xor_masks);
        }
    }

    /** Performs the approximate nearest-neighbor search.
     * @param vec the feature to analyze
     * @param do_radius flag indicating if we check the radius too
     * @param radius the radius if it is a radius search
     * @param do_k flag indicating if we limit the number of nn
     * @param k_nn the number of nearest neighbors
     * @param checked_average used for debugging
     */
    void getNeighbors(const ElementType* vec, bool /*do_radius*/, float radius, bool do_k, unsigned int k_nn,
                      float& /*checked_average*/)
    {
        static std::vector<ScoreIndexPair> score_index_heap;

        if (do_k) {
            unsigned int worst_score = std::numeric_limits<unsigned int>::max();
            typename std::vector<lsh::LshTable<ElementType> >::const_iterator table = tables_.begin();
            typename std::vector<lsh::LshTable<ElementType> >::const_iterator table_end = tables_.end();
            for (; table != table_end; ++table) {
                size_t key = table->getKey(vec);
                std::vector<lsh::BucketKey>::const_iterator xor_mask = xor_masks_.begin();
                std::vector<lsh::BucketKey>::const_iterator xor_mask_end = xor_masks_.end();
                for (; xor_mask != xor_mask_end; ++xor_mask) {
                    size_t sub_key = key ^ (*xor_mask);
                    const lsh::Bucket* bucket = table->getBucketFromKey(sub_key);
                    if (bucket == 0) continue;

                    // Go over each descriptor index
                    std::vector<lsh::FeatureIndex>::const_iterator training_index = bucket->begin();
                    std::vector<lsh::FeatureIndex>::const_iterator last_training_index = bucket->end();
                    DistanceType hamming_distance;

                    // Process the rest of the candidates
                    for (; training_index < last_training_index; ++training_index) {
                        hamming_distance = distance_(vec, dataset_[*training_index], dataset_.cols);

                        if (hamming_distance < worst_score) {
                            // Insert the new element
                            score_index_heap.push_back(ScoreIndexPair(hamming_distance, training_index));
                            std::push_heap(score_index_heap.begin(), score_index_heap.end());

                            if (score_index_heap.size() > (unsigned int)k_nn) {
                                // Remove the highest distance value as we have too many elements
                                std::pop_heap(score_index_heap.begin(), score_index_heap.end());
                                score_index_heap.pop_back();
                                // Keep track of the worst score
                                worst_score = score_index_heap.front().first;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            typename std::vector<lsh::LshTable<ElementType> >::const_iterator table = tables_.begin();
            typename std::vector<lsh::LshTable<ElementType> >::const_iterator table_end = tables_.end();
            for (; table != table_end; ++table) {
                size_t key = table->getKey(vec);
                std::vector<lsh::BucketKey>::const_iterator xor_mask = xor_masks_.begin();
                std::vector<lsh::BucketKey>::const_iterator xor_mask_end = xor_masks_.end();
                for (; xor_mask != xor_mask_end; ++xor_mask) {
                    size_t sub_key = key ^ (*xor_mask);
                    const lsh::Bucket* bucket = table->getBucketFromKey(sub_key);
                    if (bucket == 0) continue;

                    // Go over each descriptor index
                    std::vector<lsh::FeatureIndex>::const_iterator training_index = bucket->begin();
                    std::vector<lsh::FeatureIndex>::const_iterator last_training_index = bucket->end();
                    DistanceType hamming_distance;

                    // Process the rest of the candidates
                    for (; training_index < last_training_index; ++training_index) {
                        // Compute the Hamming distance
                        hamming_distance = distance_(vec, dataset_[*training_index], dataset_.cols);
                        if (hamming_distance < radius) score_index_heap.push_back(ScoreIndexPair(hamming_distance, training_index));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /** Performs the approximate nearest-neighbor search.
     * This is a slower version than the above as it uses the ResultSet
     * @param vec the feature to analyze
     */
    void getNeighbors(const ElementType* vec, ResultSet<DistanceType>& result)
    {
        typename std::vector<lsh::LshTable<ElementType> >::const_iterator table = tables_.begin();
        typename std::vector<lsh::LshTable<ElementType> >::const_iterator table_end = tables_.end();
        for (; table != table_end; ++table) {
            size_t key = table->getKey(vec);
            std::vector<lsh::BucketKey>::const_iterator xor_mask = xor_masks_.begin();
            std::vector<lsh::BucketKey>::const_iterator xor_mask_end = xor_masks_.end();
            for (; xor_mask != xor_mask_end; ++xor_mask) {
                size_t sub_key = key ^ (*xor_mask);
                const lsh::Bucket* bucket = table->getBucketFromKey((lsh::BucketKey)sub_key);
                if (bucket == 0) continue;

                // Go over each descriptor index
                std::vector<lsh::FeatureIndex>::const_iterator training_index = bucket->begin();
                std::vector<lsh::FeatureIndex>::const_iterator last_training_index = bucket->end();
                DistanceType hamming_distance;

                // Process the rest of the candidates
                for (; training_index < last_training_index; ++training_index) {
                    // Compute the Hamming distance
                    hamming_distance = distance_(vec, dataset_[*training_index], (int)dataset_.cols);
                    result.addPoint(hamming_distance, *training_index);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /** The different hash tables */
    std::vector<lsh::LshTable<ElementType> > tables_;

    /** The data the LSH tables where built from */
    Matrix<ElementType> dataset_;

    /** The size of the features (as ElementType[]) */
    unsigned int feature_size_;

    IndexParams index_params_;

    /** table number */
    int table_number_;
    /** key size */
    int key_size_;
    /** How far should we look for neighbors in multi-probe LSH */
    int multi_probe_level_;

    /** The XOR masks to apply to a key to get the neighboring buckets */
    std::vector<lsh::BucketKey> xor_masks_;

    Distance distance_;
};
}

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma warning(pop)
#endif

//! @endcond

#endif //OPENCV_FLANN_LSH_INDEX_H_
